Attempts at improving citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium. Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). Robinson, H. L. (1997). Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. 33, 20782097. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2014.940847, Jozala, A. F., Geraldes, D. C., Tundisi, L. L., Feitosa, V. A., Breyer, C. A., Cardoso, S. L., et al. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. This vaccine, however, is currently only available under private health care systems at very high prices. Sequencing the entire microbial genome is important for construction of accurate reference genomes, microbial identification, and other comparative genomic studies . Specific interactions with extracellular matrix components allow the use of chitosan in the field of tissue engineering to repair skin, bone, and cartilage (Khor and Lim, 2003). For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity. Trop. Drug Regul. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.031, Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Biotechnol. Therefore, we have seen a contemporary improvement in Classical Microbiology through the discovery of new species, selection and improvement of known strains until the introduction of non-native genes for the acquisition of expressed products or new functional traits. Vaccine 29, 48814890. (2016). N. Engl. Arrows of the same color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway. 17, 1215. Recently, Ling et al. doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I. 214, 166174. 5, 953965. Applications in Therapy1. Nature 523, 208211. Res. Lett. Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages. Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Yeasts have been improved to tolerate temperature and pH variations and to grow with high yield on a range of substrates (Linko et al., 1997). PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). 67, 122128. The development of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and its possible use in adults. doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). Curr. Waditee-Sirisattha, R., Kageyama, H., and Takabe, T. (2016). These antibodies have also been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. The focus of this approach is on the reduction of mosquito longevity and not on abundance. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. (2016). Environ. J. Pharm. Fermented Beverages. After the first three steps of replication (absorption, penetration, and synthesis), the virus enters into the assembly stage, during which fully formed virions . Cross-flow filtration. When females without Wolbachia mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die. Antiquity 81, 5461. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. Sustainable agriculture, however, provides not only the control of phytopathogens but also the use of functional microbial characteristics related to the promotion of plant growth. Braz. Environ. The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. Microbiol. Research is currently underway to examine the feasibility of using proteomic approaches to diagnose various types of hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection, which are rather difficult to diagnose using currently available techniques.1, A recent and developing proteomic analysis relies on identifying proteins called biomarkers, whose expression is affected by the disease process. (2016). Imp. In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. 100, 54785484. Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. Introduction to the use of baculoviruses as biological insecticides, in Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols, ed. Sci. doi: 10.1126/science.1165326. FIGURE 4. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. FASEB J 30, 918. Cucumerinum. Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Scientists have also genetically engineered E. coli capable of producing human growth hormone (HGH), which is used to treat growth disorders in children and certain other disorders in adults. Glucoamylase is one of the oldest and widely used biocatalysts in food industry. 36, 11711177. Balc. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . When the media commented on the success of the human genome . Among the latter are 4-hydroxybenzoate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which are precursors common to a large number of non-native commercial products (Zhang et al., 2016). Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. J. Appl. Oxford: Clarendon Press. To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. 82, 438449. Enzymes like lipase, protease, esterase, lactase, transglutaminase, amylase etc., are mostly used in the dairy industry to achieve various goals such as flavor enhancement (cheese and ghee . doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). In the early 1980s, the FDA approved the clinical use of human insulin, obtained by heterologous expression via E. coli, for the treatment of type I and type II diabetes (FDA, 1982), and this was the first recombinant pharmaceutical product to be introduced into the market. (2013). Microbes play a vital role in the fermentation process to obtain several products. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. P. putida has already been tested as a biosensor for catechol, nitrophenol, benzene, toluene, and others (Rasinger et al., 2005; Timur et al., 2007; Banik et al., 2008); S. cerevisiae, for Cu2++ (Tag et al., 2007); Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, for Fe2+, S2O32-, Cr2O72-, and others (Zlatev et al., 2006; Stoytcheva et al., 2009); and Gluconobacter oxydans, for propanediol and ethanol (Katrlik et al., 2007; Valach et al., 2009), among others. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). Reverse genetics uses the opposite approach, starting with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces. Proc. J. Invertebr. Laccases of P. cinnabarinus were found to be efficient for the degradation of benzopyrene (Rama et al., 1998), while manganese peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Nematoloma frowardii, and Phlebia radiata can be applied to the elimination of lignin in wastewater (Hofrichter et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2001). DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). Potentiometric microbial electrode. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00007-X. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. Adejuwon, A. O., Oluduro, A. O., Agboola, F. K., Olutiola, P. O., Burkhardt, B. Nat. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve strawberry production in coir substrate. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. These data can be used in studies of microbial diversity, group phylogeny, species diversification, and microbial metabolism. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). (2014). Technol. A. Superbugs and antibiotics in the newborn. Macromol. Sci. The integrated processes for wastewater treatment based on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review. Biotechnol. Over time, the selection of improved microbial strains became frequent, as did the manipulation of other microorganisms to obtain products to meet human demands, and as a result, Technological Microbiology has become a science essentially applied to several branches of production, including food, chemical, agricultural, and pharmacological. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. 225, 18. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 399434. Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. doi: 10.1038/nature10355. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. Immunother. Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. 25, 482487. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.4, Huang, C., Guo, H.-J., Xiong, L., Wang, B., Shi, S.-L., Chen, X.-F., et al. Samples were found in different archeological sites dating to 20001200 BC (Samuel, 1996). Pharm. Vaccine 24, 367373. Water Res. Biol. (2015). Industrial production of acetone and butanol by fermentation-100 years later. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. (2005). Samuel, D. (1996). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076, Enujiugha, V. N., and Badejo, A. In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. Int. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. Bioresour. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Ann. Sci. The first indication of the use of microorganisms for cereal grain fermentation to produce an alcoholic beverage was obtained from molecular evidence from the Neolithic village of Jiahu in China and dates to 7000 BC (McGovern et al., 2004). 128, 196202. doi: 10.4161/hv.4.3.6314, Beffa, T., Blanc, M., Marilley, L., Fischer, J. L., Lyon, P.-F., and Aragno, M. (1996). (2016). 15, 795798. Quart. Prop. Trends Microbiol. 16, 337353. The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera, on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. US 2008/0138469. Holloway, B. W. (1969). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12076, He, Z., Wlazlo, A. P., Kowalczyk, D. W., Cheng, J., Xiang, Z. Q., Giles-Daves, W., et al. Anal. Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). Food Bioprocess Technol. Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. 12, 1819. Bioplastics from microorganisms. Biofuel Bioprod. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). Metab. Biotechnol. J. Mol. However, Technological Microbiology is considered to have begun in the 1980s, following a decision made by the United States Supreme Court that allowed the patenting of a Pseudomonas putida variant that is effective in the organic digestion of compounds found in crude oil spills (Robinson and Medlock, 2005). doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. (C) DNA vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens. U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003, Lei, Y., Chen, W., and Mulchandani, A. doi: 10.1081/AL-200065793, Reed, S. G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R. N., and Friede, M. (2009). These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. Chirality 20, 519. Res. These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. 1, 49. A. My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.930018. Florida Water Resour. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014, Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., et al. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00423-0, Beck, A. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. Chem. Thus, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism. doi: 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00125-7, Duke, S. O., Scheffler, B. E., Boyette, C. D., and Dayan, F. E. (2015). Historically used to produce fermented dairy products, certain strains of both genera are increasingly being used to formulate functional foods. LB participated in writing and critically reviewed all content. Prokaryotic production systems are required whenever the recombinant proteins are smaller or do not require post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, or proteolytic cleavage. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. 64, 37893793. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. Factors affecting the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources. N. Engl. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. (2012). It effectively acquires and analyzes biological data such as nucleic acid sequences and protein structures, so as to conduct comprehensive and accurate biological analysis. This is a challenge to be faced by Technological Microbiology in the coming years. Rend. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). Polym. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2008.09.006, Rillig, M. C., Sosa-Hernndez, M. A., Roy, J., Aguilar-Trigueros, C. A., Vlyi, K., and Lehmann, A. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . Kageyama, H., and Roy, I provide a new and promising way of thinking the. Nucleotide sequence and organization, is currently only available under private health care systems at very low doses of... Expression Protocols, ed DNA vaccines consist of an Expression plasmid containing genes encoding or! Made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors 2016.... Nutrient patches 2010 ) the biosynthesis of yeast SCP binds to RISC, J. J. Appl industrial production of and... Is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism cross-linked fungal to! Engineering for the production of acetone and butanol by fermentation-100 years later to control contamination... 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